Testosterone is the primary male hormone responsible for regulating differentiation, producing male characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility. Testosterone's effects are first seen in the fetus. During the first 6 weeks of development, the reproductive tissues of males and females are identical. At around week 7 in utero, …

Dry cells and (most) alkaline batteries are examples of primary batteries. The second type is rechargeable and is called a secondary battery. Examples of …

Both Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum cell cultures can be used as bio-factories for the biosynthesis of high-value secondary metabolites in a safe, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly manner. This review discusses recent advances and current challenges in the use of model plant cell cultures for secondary metabolite synthesis.

Describe the production and maturation of B cells; ... Compare T-dependent and T-independent activation of B cells; Compare the primary and secondary antibody responses; Humoral immunity refers to mechanisms of the adaptive immune defenses that are mediated by antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes, or B cells. This section will …

Organ culture is useful for studying functional properties of cells (production of hormones) and for examining the effects of external agents (such as drugs and other micro or macro molecules) and products on other organs that are anatomically placed apart in vivo. ... Secondary cell culture. When primary cell cultures are …

Primary versus Secondary B Cell Responses. Primary and secondary responses as they relate to T cells were discussed earlier. This section will look at these responses with B cells and antibody production. Because antibodies are easily obtained from blood samples, they are easy to follow and graph (Figure 21.24). As you will see from the …

1. Introduction. Comprehensively, biotic and abiotic stresses negatively affect crop production and cause a marked decrease in annual crop yield, i.e., qualitative and quantitative [1,2].Recently, biologists, especially agriculturists, need to find an alternative way to deal with biotic and abiotic stresses such as herbivores, insects, and pathogens, …

T-cells mature in the thymus and are then released into the bloodstream. There are two main types of T-cells, CD4 cells and CD8 cells.[1,4] CD4 cells or T-helper cells have the CD4 co-receptor and only recognize the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II protein. The MHC II protein is found on all immune cells and acts as a marker of immune ...

Currently, in vitro cell, tissue, and organ cultures are used to produce plant secondary metabolites that are used as natural coloring agents, nutraceuticals, and medications. Various strategies have been applied for the hyperaccumulation of biomass and bioactive secondary compounds in vitro. The elicitation of cultured cells and …

How to Boost Secondary Metabolite Production in Plant Cell Cultures? Many of the molecules originating from secondary metabolism and described above are, regrettably, often present in small amounts within the cells. ... Arabidopsis mutants affected in primary cell wall biosynthesis (i.e., in the primary cellulose synthase CesA3) ...

Cells should be frozen in a preservative such as DMSO or galactose, which helps prevent the buildup of ice crystals. While immortalized cells are often frozen down in an isopropanol container such as Mr. Frosty at -80 ° C, that process is not ideal for primary cells, which are arguably more precious. Instead, it is highly recommended that a ...

There are two types of voltaic or galvanic cells used to get an electric current of low voltage: a) Primary cells and b)Secondary cells. Primary Cell: A cell in which electrical energy is generated within the cell itself is called a primary cell. e.g. Dry cell, Daniell cell. ... Hydrogen gas is hazardous and its production is expensive. Uses ...

Key Points. Gametogenesis, the production of sperm (spermatogenesis) and eggs (oogenesis), takes place through the process of meiosis. In oogenesis, diploid oogonium go through mitosis until one develops into a primary oocyte, which will begin the first meiotic division, but then arrest; it will finish this division as it develops in the follicle, …

In brief, when B and T-cells replicate during the primary immune response, they produce effector cells and long-lived memory cells. Memory B and T-cells are antigen-specific and, on encountering the …

As opposed to primary cells, secondary cells are rechargeable batteries that can be used repeatedly. They are typically used in applications where it is convenient or necessary to be able to recharge the battery, such as in portable electronic devices and vehicles. Examples of secondary cells include lead-acid batteries, which are commonly …

immature germ cells: Primary spermatocyte: diploid cell formed from spermatogonium: Secondary spermatocyte: haploid cell formed by meiotic division of primary spermatoctye: Spermatid: haploid cell formed by meiotic division of secondary spermatocyte, differentiates into sperm cell: Spermiogenesis: process by which spermatids form sperm …

These nested cycles combine to yield (1) "gross primary production" (GPP) representing the gross photosynthesis and (2) "net primary production" (NPP) that represents phytoplankton biomass ...

An inflammatory response begins when a pathogen stimulates an increase in blood flow to the infected area. Blood vessels in that area expand, and white blood cells leak from the vessels to invade the infected tissue. These white blood cells, called phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria. The area often becomes red, swollen, and painful during an …

Secondary metabolites are considered to be the end products of primary metabolites because they are derived by the pathways in which the primary metabolites involve. For eg., antibiotics, toxins, pheromones, enzyme inhibitors, etc. Streptomycetes and related actinomycetes are the sources of novel secondary metabolites.

In a primary immune response, naive B cells are stimulated by antigen, become activated, and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells that produce antibodies specific for the eliciting antigen. A secondary …

A few more layers of granulosa cells get added onto the primary follicle to form the secondary follicle. The secondary follicle also develop a covering, or a theca. Secondary follicles develop into tertiary, or Graafian follicles, characterized by a fluid-filled space called the antrum, and two layers of theca (theca interna and theca externa).

The category can be further subdivided into primary lymphoid organs, which support lymphocyte production and development, and secondary lymphoid organs, which support lymphocyte storage and function. Lymphoid tissues are concentrations of lymphocytes and other immune cells within other organs of the body.

B cells, for example, make antibodies that react specifically with the antigen that induced their production. How do B cells produce such a diversity of specific antibodies? ... antigen B) instead of a second injection of antigen A, the response is typical of a primary, and not a secondary, immune response. The secondary response must therefore ...

Secondary immune response. If the same antigen is found in the body a second time, the memory cells recognise the antigen, divide very quickly and differentiate into plasma cells (to produce antibodies) and more memory cells; This response is very quick, meaning that the infection can be destroyed and removed before the pathogen …

Polarization: This is a defect that results from the production of hydrogen bubbles around the copper plate of the cell. This will set up a back emf that reduces the emf in the external. ... Difference Between Primary Cell and Secondary Cell; Primary Cell: Secondary Cell: Slow discharge rate and have a high energy density. Have a smaller energy ...

The type of cell that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice-versa is called secondary cell. Chemical reaction: Primary cell involves irreversible chemical reaction. The reversible chemical reaction takes place in a secondary cell. Recharging: Primary cell cannot be recharged, once it discharged completely.

Difference Between Primary Cell and Secondary Cell. Primary cells are the ones which cannot be recharged and have to be discarded after the expiration of the lifetime …

2. Secondary cell culture. Secondary cell cultures are obtained after the primary cell cultures are subsequently subcultured over a period of time in fresh culture media. The cells of the secondary cell cultures are long-lasting as these have a higher lifespan due to the availability of appropriate nutrients at regular intervals of time.

Importantly, the potential for secondary production of large amounts of IL-12p70 in response to CD40 ligation was also preserved after stimulation by all Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Differences between the TLR ligands were seen in the primary secretion of IL-12 and IL-23, in the survival of the DCs and in the expression of CD38.

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